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Taxon profile

species

Episcomitra cornicula (Linnaeus, 1758)

kingdom Animalia - animals »  phylum Mollusca - mollusks »  class Gastropoda - gastropods »  order Neogastropoda »  family Mitridae - Miters »  genus Episcomitra

Scientific synonyms

Mitra cornicula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Mitra aquitanica E. A. A. Locard, 1890

Images

Episcomitra cornicula

Author: Jan Delsing

Episcomitra cornicula

Author: Cernohorsky

Episcomitra cornicula

Author: Aartsen, van, Menckhorst & Gittenberger

Episcomitra cornicula

Author: Scaperrotta et al.

Description

Mitra cornicula: Shell up to 40 mm (about 1,5 inches) in length, ovate to fusiformly-elongate, moderately solid or light in weight. Whorls 6-7, apart from the protoconch, sutures distinct but not canaliculate, spire whorls regularly convex, post-nuclear whorls sometimes clathrate, corded or with pitted spiral grooves, sculpture becoming occasionally obsolete on the last 3 whorls; whenever a sculpture is present, the penultimate whorl has 5-25 spirals, and the grooves are either smooth or minutely pitted by descending, macroscopic axial hairlines. Aperture slightly shorter or longer than the spire, moderately narrow and smooth within; outer lip moderately thickened, and simple. Columella calloused, parietal wall occasionally thinned, callus more prominent anteriorly, columella with 3-5 oblique folds; siphonal canal straight and obliquely corded, siphonal notch distinct but shallow. Variable in colour, uniformly horny-brown or light brown, occasionally very pale and sometimes indistinctly banded on the body whorl; aperture brown or bluish-brown, columella frequently brown on the parietal wall, columellar folds white or flushed with brown. The periostracum is thin and opaque and brown or greyish-brown in colour. Lenth 31,2 mm; Width 11 mm; Height of aperture 15,6 mm.
Cernohorsky, W.O., 1976. The Mitridae of the World. Part I. Mitrinae.
Habitat: it lives among sponges, under stones and among bottom vegetation, up to about 40 m depth. Distribution: common enough all over the Mediterranean.
Shell solid, fusiform, stretched. Whorls not much convex, broad suture. First whorls adorned with spiral striae, closely dotted, quite clear in yuvenile specimens. External lip thick and smooth internally. On columella, homy, there are either 3 or 4 plicae.
From dark brown to yellowish in colour pattern, sometimes with darker streaks on the last whorl. Periostracum, very fine and dull, grey yellowish in colour. According to some authors' opinion (Moran et alii, 1989; Rolan et alii, 1997), its protoconch, paucispiral, makes the presence of this species in the Atlantic improbable. They think M. cornicula is endemic of the Mediterranean Sea.
The only Mediterranean species looking like M. cornicula is M. cornea mainly recognizable due to its bigger sizes (up to 40 mm), to the animal colour pattern which is white with yellow margins (wholly white in cornicula), to the whorls number and to the bigger sizes of the protoconch, to a different sculpture in the first teleconch whorls (reticulated in cornea, spirally streaked in cornicula). The adult specimens average measures are around 20-25 mm.
Scaperrotta, M. ,Bartolini, S. & Bogi, C., 2009. Accrescimenti, Vol. 2. Stages of growth of marine molluscs of the Mediterranean Sea.

Interchangeable taxa

Mitra cornicula: There is a considerable distributional overlap between M. cornicula and M. nigra, and also an intergradation of shell characters which make the validity of M. nigra as a biospecies suspect A short summary of the various forms of cornicula is as follows:
* schroeteri form: this is the slender, fusiform, pale and banded form, which has also been described as M. cornicularis Lamarck.
* lactea form: usually applied to albino or pale forms ofM. cornicula, the shell is also slender and fusiform and may occur in a uniformly brown colour; the fine spiral grooves usually become obsolete on the last 3 whorls.
* lutescens form: this form is intermediate in shape between the slender lactea form and typical cornicula. Numerous intergrading individuals connect the broad, dark brown form to the more slender, banded or pale forms of M. cornicula.
* cornicula form: the typical form is broad and uniformly horny-brown in colour.
Cernohorsky, W.O., 1976. The Mitridae of the World. Part I. Mitrinae.

Distribution

Mitra cornicula: Throughout the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas to the Canary and Cape Verde Islands. In sponges, sand and shingle, among weed and under rocks, from the intertidal region to a depth of 120 fathoms.
Cernohorsky, W.O., 1976. The Mitridae of the World. Part I. Mitrinae.
Author: Jan Delsing

Links and literature

EN Galli C.: WMSDB - Wolrdwide Mollusc Species Data Base July 10, 2013 [http://www.bagniliggia.it/WMSD/WMSDhome....] [as Mitra cornicula Linnaeus, 1758]
Data retrieved on: 23 November 2013
CZ Pfleger V. (1999): České názvy živočichů III. Měkkýši (Mollusca), Národní muzeum, (zoologické odd.), Praha, 108 pp. [as Mitra cornicula (LINNÉ, 1758)]
Data retrieved on: 11 November 2013
IT Repetto G., Orlando F. & Arduino G. (2005): Conchiglie del Mediterraneo, Amici del Museo "Federico Eusebio", Alba, Italy [as Mitra cornicula (Linné, 1758)]
SP Prats Pi, L. (2002): Gastròpodes marins de la cala de Binissafúller, Menorca (Illes Balears), Spira, 1(2): 21-24 [as Mitra cornicula (Linnaeus, 1758)]
SP Tarruella Ruestes, A. & Fontanet Giner, M. (2001): Moluscos marinos del Golf de Sant Jordi (L'Ampolla) y del Port dels Alfacs, Spira, 1(1): 1-5 [as Mitra cornicula (Linnaeus, 1758)]
SP Tarruella Ruestes, A. (2002): Moluscos marinos de Cap Ras y Llançà (Girona, NE de la península Ibérica), Spira, 1(2): 1-14 [as Mitra cornicula (Linnaeus, 1758)]

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