The Arabian Baboon subspecies (Papio hamadryas makkah) from the genus Papio (Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Cercopithecidae) was found living on Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The new subspecies is distinguished from the five Papio hamadryas subspecies-groups: Papio hamadryas hamadryas (Sacred Baboon), Papio hamadryas anubis (Olive Baboon), Papio hamadryas cynocephalus (Yellow Baboon), Papio hamadryas papio (Red Baboon) and Papio hamadryas ursinus (Chacma Baboon), by its distinctive fur and face colouration and the moderate size. It is morphologically and geographically a distinct subspecies.
The fur of males is silver-white in colour and they have a pronounced cape, while the females are capeless and brown. Their faces have a distinctive reddish colouration.
Papio hamadryas makkah Khalaf, 2015 was named by the Palestinian-German Zoologist Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa.

Males have a body length of 65-75 cm and weigh 18–27 kg; females have a body length of 36-42 cm and weigh 8–13 kg. The tail adds a further 35–55 cm to the length.

The Arabian Baboon lives in arid mountains and semi-desert areas. It is omnivorous and is adapted to its dry habitat. The Arabian Baboon feeds on a variety of foods, including blossoms, seeds, grasses, wild roots, and leaves, and also on insects, reptiles and small mammals. Its main enemy is the rare Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr).

The Arabian Baboon is common in the Mountains of Makkah Al-Mukarramah and the Hijaz Mountains, western Saudi Arabia.