Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria^†, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh^†, Belarus, Belgium^†, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic (map) (Bohemia^†, Moravia), Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland^†, Israel, Italy, Japan^†, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg^†, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands^†, North Korea, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland^†, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom^†, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen

parasite: Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) - Hydatid Worm, Taenia multiceps Leske, 1780, Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835), Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863

prey: Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Reindeer