Africa: Egypt, Libya, Europe: Albania, Austria^†, Belarus, Belgium^†, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia (Bohemia^†, Moravia), Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Ireland^†, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg^†, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands^†, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland^†, Ukraine, United Kingdom^†, North America: Canada, Mexico, United States of America, Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh^†, Bhutan, China, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan^†, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen, Oceania: Australia, Papua New Guinea

parasite: Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) - Hydatid Worm, Taenia multiceps Leske, 1780, Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835), Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863

prey: Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Reindeer